The WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) blends medical and social perspectives. Which model is it built on? Medical Social Biopsychosocial Charity
The CRPD treats disability as a matter of dignity and obligates states to remove barriers. Which model underpins it? Human rights Economic Functional solutions Medical
A common criticism of the social model is that it… Denies that environmental barriers exist Can downplay the lived reality of impairment, like pain or fatigue Focuses too much on medical treatment Only applies to physical spaces
A government agency decides who qualifies for disability benefits based on whether a person can work. Which model is it applying? Charity Social Economic Social identity
A person with low vision who can still read enlarged text is best served by which assistive technology? A screen magnifier A refreshable braille display A sip-and-puff switch A hearing loop
A person who cannot use their hands moves through on-screen options with a single button pressed with their head. This input method is called… Switch access with scanning Voice recognition Eye tracking A screen reader
A line chart distinguishes its series by color alone. Who hits this barrier first? People with color vision deficiency People with hearing loss Screen magnifier users Keyboard-only users
A hearing (induction) loop installed in a lecture hall transmits the audio directly to… The telecoil in hearing aids and cochlear implants A captioning display A sign-language interpreter Bone-conduction headphones
Using a phone one-handed while holding a baby is an example of which kind of limitation? Situational Temporary Permanent Cognitive
Why do official statistics tend to undercount disability? Stigma discourages self-reporting, and definitions vary between surveys Most disabilities are cured before censuses run Disability is only counted in high-income countries The WHO forbids collecting disability data
As the world population ages, the number of people with disabilities is expected to… Rise, because disability prevalence increases with age Fall, thanks to modern medicine Stay flat Become impossible to measure
Most disabilities are… Acquired during life rather than present at birth Present from birth The result of workplace accidents Diagnosed in childhood
Disability prevalence is generally ___ in lower-income countries. Higher Lower The same as everywhere Not recorded
You meet someone whose service dog is wearing its harness. What should you do? Don't pet or distract the dog — it's working; ask the handler first Pet it to show friendliness Offer it food Call it over to you
You are speaking with a Deaf person through a sign-language interpreter. Where should you direct your speech and eye contact? At the Deaf person At the interpreter Alternating between both At neither — write notes instead
Person-first ("person with autism") vs. identity-first ("autistic person") — what is the best practice? Follow the preference the person or community expresses Always use person-first language Always use identity-first language Avoid mentioning disability entirely
You think a person with a disability might be struggling with a door. The right move is to… Ask if they would like help, and wait for the answer Help immediately without asking Wait nearby without saying anything Find someone else to help them
For accessibility, personas are most useful when they… Include people with disabilities, their assistive technologies, and contexts of use Describe only the "average" user Are written after the product ships Replace testing with real users
The most reliable way to learn how screen-reader users experience your checkout flow is… Usability testing with participants who use screen readers daily Running an automated accessibility checker Reading the WCAG success criteria Asking sighted developers to close their eyes
A page passes every WCAG success criterion yet users with disabilities still struggle. What does this show? Conformance is a floor — usable accessibility requires testing with real users The users need more training WCAG conformance guarantees usability The page must have failed WCAG after all
In user-centered design, evaluation happens… In every iteration, from early prototypes onward Once, right before launch Only after users complain Only during the requirements phase
The "curb-cut effect" refers to… Features designed for people with disabilities ending up benefiting everyone The cost of retrofitting sidewalks A legal loophole in the ADA Prioritizing cars over pedestrians
The telephone and the typewriter both trace their origins to work on disability access. What benefit of accessibility does this illustrate? Accessibility drives innovation Accessibility is mostly a legal duty Old inventions were accidents Disability limits invention
Beyond ethics and market reach, building accessibility in from the start reduces which business risk? Legal complaints and lawsuits Currency fluctuation Server downtime Employee turnover
Who benefits from accessible design besides people with permanent disabilities? Aging users, people with temporary or situational limitations, and low-bandwidth users No one else — it is a niche investment Only assistive-technology vendors Only regulators
A form rejects input with only the message "Invalid entry" and no hint about how to fix it. Which POUR principle does this violate? Understandable Perceivable Operable Robust
WCAG is produced and maintained by… The W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) The United Nations The US Department of Justice IAAP
What do the WCAG conformance levels mean? A is the minimum, AA is the common legal target, AAA is the strictest A is the strictest, AAA is the minimum They rate how attractive a design is They apply only to mobile apps
Which W3C guidelines cover the tools people use to create web content, like CMSs and editors? ATAG WCAG UAAG ARIA
Screen reader users often move through an unfamiliar page by jumping between… Headings Images Colors Animations
The 7 Principles of Universal Design were developed at… North Carolina State University's Center for Universal Design, led by Ronald Mace The W3C The United Nations MIT Media Lab
Universal design means products and environments are usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for… Adaptation or specialized design User training Government subsidies Assistive technology of any kind
How does universal design differ from an accommodation? It is proactive and built in from the start; accommodations react to one person after the fact It is cheaper in every case It only applies to buildings It replaces all legal obligations
Which of these is NOT one of the 7 Principles of Universal Design? Affordable and durable Tolerance for error Perceptible information Flexibility in use
The UDL framework was developed by… CAST The W3C NC State University The US Department of Education
A teacher offers the same lesson as written text, a narrated video, and a podcast. Which UDL principle is this? Multiple means of representation Multiple means of engagement Multiple means of action and expression Tolerance for error
Students may show mastery through an essay, a presentation, or a video. Which UDL principle is this? Multiple means of action and expression Multiple means of representation Multiple means of engagement Equitable use
How does UDL differ from providing individual accommodations? UDL plans for learner variability in the curriculum up front, instead of retrofitting for individuals UDL only applies to students with IEPs UDL removes the need for teachers They are the same thing
The first legally binding international treaty specifically about the rights of people with disabilities is… The CRPD (2006) The UDHR (1948) The Marrakesh Treaty The Geneva Convention
CRPD Article 21 protects… Freedom of expression and access to information The right to drive Tax exemptions Access to sports facilities only
The disability-rights motto "Nothing about us without us" means… People with disabilities must participate in the decisions that affect them Legislation should be written only by lawyers Charities should lead disability policy Accessibility is a private matter
What gap did the CRPD close relative to earlier human-rights instruments like the UDHR? Earlier instruments did not explicitly name disability, leaving protection weak Earlier instruments applied only to Europe There was no gap — the CRPD is symbolic The UDHR banned disability rights
Which UK law consolidates anti-discrimination protections, including disability? The Equality Act 2010 The ADA The AODA EN 301 549
The AODA applies to organizations in… Ontario, Canada — it is provincial law All of Canada The United States The European Union
Which US law extended accessibility requirements to modern communications and video — for example, captions on TV programs redistributed over the internet? The CVAA (2010) Section 508 The Air Carrier Access Act HIPAA
Australia's federal law prohibiting disability discrimination is the… Disability Discrimination Act (1992) Equality Act Accessible Australia Act Fair Work Act
EN 301 549 is… The European standard for ICT accessibility, referenced by the Web Accessibility Directive and the EAA A US federal procurement law A WCAG conformance level A screen reader
WCAG itself is a voluntary standard. When does it become legally required? When a law or regulation references it, like Section 508 or EN 301 549 do It is always legally binding worldwide Only when a site earns revenue Never — laws cannot reference standards
The revised Section 508 applies to ICT developed, procured, or used by… US federal agencies Any company worldwide US private schools only European public bodies
During procurement, an organization comparing the accessibility of competing products should request each vendor's… Accessibility Conformance Report (based on a VPAT) Marketing brochure Source code ISO 9001 certificate
The W3C's "Planning and Managing Web Accessibility" organizes an accessibility program into which four phases? Initiate, Plan, Implement, Sustain Design, Build, Test, Ship Audit, Fix, Certify, Forget Discover, Define, Develop, Deliver
In a mature accessibility program, who is responsible for accessibility? Every role — design, development, QA, and content — with defined responsibilities One dedicated accessibility specialist Only the legal department The external audit vendor
What is the purpose of a public accessibility statement? To show commitment, set expectations, and give users a way to report barriers To provide legal immunity To replace testing To advertise job openings
In the W3C model, the "Sustain" phase means… Monitoring, training, and adapting continuously as content and technology change Freezing the site so nothing breaks Archiving the accessibility policy Running one final audit